icon in the bottom left corner to show the installed applications.
{% endhint %}
### Application Names: Windows vs Ubuntu
| | **Windows** | **Ubuntu / Linux** |
| --------------------- | ----------------- | ------------------- |
| **Document Writer** | Microsoft Word | LibreOffice Writer |
| **Spreadsheets** | Microsoft Excel | LIbreOffice Calc |
| **Presentations** | MS Powerpoint | LibreOffice Impress |
| **Web Browser** | Internet Explorer | Firefox |
| **Photo Editor** | Adobe Photoshop | GIMP |
| **Image Editor** | MS Paint | Image Magick |
| **PDF Viewer** | Adobe PDF | Document Viewer |
| **Text Editor** | Text | Text Editor |
| **Email Client** | MS Outlook | Thunderbird Mail |
| **Command Line** | Command Prompt | Terminal |
| **Computer Settings** | Control Panel | Settings |
| **Software Updates** | Windows Updater | Ubuntu Software |
{% hint style="info" %}
Open-source applications have come a long way in recent years, and many FOSS programs are now as good or better than their closed-source counterparts.
{% endhint %}
### File Viewer (aka Files) 
You can visually explore different directories and files using the Graphical User Interface (GUI)
### Text Editor 
Basic text editor for simple documents and copy/pasting
### Terminal 
Running an Ethereum validator requires entering commands directly into the terminal (aka command line interface). CLI can be intimidating at first, but it's fairly intuitive and easy to learn.
{% hint style="info" %}
You can use the following shortcuts for Linux CLI:
* **`Ctrl + Alt + T`** || Open new terminal window
* **`Ctrl + Shift + C`** || Copy selected contents from terminal window
* **`Ctrl + Shift + V`** || Paste contents into terminal window
* **`Ctrl + C`** || Stop a running terminal process
* **`Up/down Arrows`** || Cycle through last used commands
{% endhint %}
### Screenshot 
This tool is helpful if you have an error and want to post a screenshot in the [EthStaker Discord](https://invite.gg/ethstaker) for help.
## Dual View - CLI & GUI
Open a terminal window with `Ctrl + Alt + T` and move it alongside the file viewer. This allows you to see information displayed through Command Line Interface (CLI) and Graphical User Interface (GUI).
{% hint style="info" %}
The screenshot below shows the contents of the Home directory through both CLI and GUI.
{% endhint %}
## Linux - Directories
Linux systems do not have "drives" like with Windows (e.g. C: or D:).
The entire Linux directory system is a series of nested directories, with the top being the `/root` directory.
### Root Directory
{% hint style="danger" %}
### AVOID USING ROOT ACCESS
The root directory contains all other directories, and the root user has control over the entire system. A mistake while working as root user can cause irreparable damage.
The best practice is to generally never use root access, and instead have regular users that can use the `sudo` command
{% endhint %}
### Sudo Command
Adding `sudo` to the front a command runs the terminal command as administrator. This helps prevent accidents because the user doesn't have root access, but they are still able to run commands as admin when needed.
If you get an error that you don't have permission to perform this action, you may need to use `sudo`
### Username
This guide was created on a PC named `ubuntu` with the username `ubuntu` \
You'll notice that CLI below starts with `ubuntu@ubuntu` which identifies `user@pcname`
{% hint style="info" %}
You can use the command `whoami` to see the current user name.
{% endhint %}
### Important Directories
When you open a new terminal, it will begin in the home directory
| Directory | Description |
| ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| **`/`** | Root directory |
| **`~`** | Home directory ( same as `/home/YOURUSERNAME`) |
| **`~/Desktop`** | Desktop directory |
| **`~/Documents`** | Documents directory |
| **`~/Downloads`** | Downloads directory |
| **`/media/YOURUSERNAME`** | Directory for USB and other external devices |
| **`/var/lib/goethereum`** | Go Ethereum directory |
| **`/var/lib/lighthouse`** | Lighthouse directory |
| **`/var/lib/lighthouse/validator`** | Lighthouse validator directory |
| **`/var/lib/lighthouse/beacon`** | Lighthouse beacon directory |
| **`usr/local/bin`** | Directory used to run Lighthouse binary |
## Linux Terminal - Basic Commands
{% hint style="info" %}
This table shows a list of commands, but the following section will discuss in greater detail.
{% endhint %}
| Command | Description | Sample Code |
| ----------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| **clear** | clear terminal window (fresh screen) | `clear` |
| **cd** | change directory | `cd ~` |
| **ls** | list contents of current directory | `ls` |
| **ls -l** | show file permissions | `ls -l sample.txt` |
| **pwd** | print working directory (show current directory) | `pwd` |
| **history** | shows history of terminal commands | `history` |
| **sudo** | gives root permission to run programs or make changes | `sudo` |
| **mkdir** | make a new directory | `sudo mkdir ~/test` |
| **nano** | create or edit system files | `sudo nano test.txt` |
| **rm** | remove file | `sudo rm test.txt` |
| **rm -r** | delete directory and all contents (remove recursively) | `sudo rm -r testfolder` |
| **cp** | copy/paste a file | `cp test.txt ~/Documents` |
| **chown** | change ownership of a file/directory | sudo chown -R goeth:goeth /var/lib/goethereum